← Horizons B2 B2 Arabic

5A Grammar

Online communication

Unit 5

I CAN use the present and past passive
I CAN read about social media trends

Grammar

10 cards

When we speak or write, we usually use the active voice. In an active sentence, the subject does the action: "Millions of people watch short videos every day." Sometimes, however, we are more interested in the action itself than in the person who does it. In these cases, we use the passive voice.

In a passive sentence, the action is the most important part of the message. The person or thing that does the action is called the agent, and it can be mentioned with by, but it is often left out. Look at the difference:

Active: Someone hacked her account last week.
Passive: Her account was hacked last week.

Both sentences say the same thing, but the passive version focuses on the account, not on the hacker. The passive is very common in news reports, in scientific and academic writing, in app descriptions and in privacy notices. It is also common in everyday speech about technology, because the people who post, share or upload content are often unknown or unimportant.

Form: passive = be + past participle (+ by + agent)

The auxiliary be changes depending on the tense.

Tense	Active	Passive
Present Simple	They post videos every day.	Videos are posted every day.
Past Simple	They posted a new film yesterday.	A new film was posted yesterday.
Present Perfect	They have shared the link.	The link has been shared.
Future (will)	They will launch the app.	The app will be launched.

For the present simple passive, use am / is / are + past participle. The verb be agrees with the new subject. "The video is shared thousands of times."

For the past simple passive, use was / were + past participle. Use was with singular subjects and were with plural subjects. "The post was deleted within an hour." / "The comments were removed by a moderator."

Past participles of regular verbs end in -ed (post → posted, share → shared, like → liked, comment → commented, follow → followed, upload → uploaded, download → downloaded). Irregular verbs have their own forms, and you will need to learn them: write → written, steal → stolen, send → sent, take → taken, give → given, make → made.

To make a question in the passive, move the auxiliary verb before the subject: "Was the video uploaded yesterday?" / "Are the comments deleted automatically?" To make a negative, add not after the auxiliary: "The video was not uploaded on time."

When you read or listen to English online, you will see and hear the passive voice in many places: app store descriptions ("This app was designed in London"), news headlines ("The data was stolen in March") and privacy notices ("Your information is collected automatically"). Recognising and using the passive will help you understand these texts and talk about technology more naturally.

Generating translation…

Short videos are shared by millions of people every day.

Present simple passive. Notice: are + past participle.

Her account was hacked last week.

Past simple passive. Notice: was + past participle.

Required

Look at the two examples above. What comes immediately after the subject in both passive sentences?

a form of 'be' (is / are / was / were)
the past participle on its own
the word 'by'

Required

Every day, thousands of videos _____ (share) on this platform.

Required

Her latest post _____ (delete) by a moderator yesterday.

Required

Which sentence is in the past simple passive?

The app was launched in 2022.
The app is launching today.
The app has launched.
They launched the app in 2022.

Required

In the passive voice, the auxiliary 'be' always agrees with the subject.

Required

Put the words in the correct order to make a present simple passive sentence.

are
uploaded
videos
every
day

Required

Complete each passive sentence by dragging the correct form of 'be' into the gap.

Videos shared by millions of people.

The photo liked ten thousand times.

My account hacked last night.

These comments deleted automatically.

Listening

5 cards

In this section you will hear a short conversation between two friends, Emma and Tom, who are talking about a video they saw online. Listen for the main idea first, then listen again for specific details.

Before you listen, think about the situation. A "viral video" is a short video that becomes extremely popular very quickly because thousands and then millions of people share it within a few hours or days. Viral videos often start on one platform — such as TikTok, YouTube Shorts or Instagram Reels — and then spread to other apps. Many of them involve cooking, music, sports or everyday situations that people find funny or surprising.

As you listen, notice the use of the passive voice. Emma and Tom talk about things that were posted, were shared, were invented and has been copied. The actions are more important than the people who did them. This is very typical of natural spoken English about technology and the internet, and it is the same pattern you practised in the grammar section.

Listen to the dialogue once for the gist (the general idea). Then listen again for specific information (names, numbers, dates) and for detail (exact phrases). You will be able to answer the questions only from the conversation itself, so try not to look ahead.

الحوار اللي هتسمعه بين Emma و Tom عن فيديو طبخ انتشر بسرعة على الإنترنت. الموضوع بسيط: Emma بعتت الفيديو لـ Tom بالليل، والاتنين اتحمسوا جدًا ليه. بس الحوار ده فيه كم كلمة جديدة وكم نقطة قواعدية مهمة لازم تاخد بالك منها قبل ما تسمع.

المفردات الأساسية في الحوار:

Viral video — فيديو انتشر بسرعة جنونية، ملايين الناس شافوه وشيروه في ساعات أو أيام قليلة.
Live streaming — البث المباشر، يعني الشخص بيصور من مطبخه أو من أي مكان والصورة بتتنقل على طول من غير ما تتسجل.
Views — عدد المرات اللي الناس فتحت فيها الفيديو. لما Emma بتقول "over ten million views" يعني أكتر من عشرة مليون مشاهدة.
Uploaded و posted — الاتنين معناهم حد رفع الفيديو على الإنترنت، بس uploaded بنستخدمها أكتر مع YouTube، و posted بنستخدمها مع السوشيال ميديا والبوستات.
Recipe — الوصفة، يعني المقادير والخطوات.

القاعدة الأهم — Passive Voice (المبني للمجهول):

في اللغة الطبيعية عن التكنولوجيا والإنترنت، الناس بتستخدم المبني للمجهول كتير. ليه؟ لأن الفعل نفسه بقى أهم من اللي عمل الفعل. بدل ما نقول "someone posted the video" بنقول "the video was posted". خلي بالك من التوقيت الزمني:

Past Simple Passive بنستخدمه لما الفعل حصل وخلص في وقت محدد في الماضي:
"The video was uploaded yesterday."
"The dish was invented by his grandmother."
Present Perfect Passive بنستخدمه لما الفعل ابتدأ في الماضي ولسه ليه تأثير في الحاضر:
"The recipe has been copied by thousands of people."

نصيحة للاستماع:

أول مرة اسمع بس عشان تاخد الـ gist — الفكرة العامة — الفيديو ده إيه؟ ليه متحمسين ليه؟ تاني مرة ركز في الـ specific information: الأرقام، التواريخ، والعبارات بالظبط. ومتحاولش تفهم كل كلمة من أول مرة، ده طبيعي ومتستناش نفسك تحل الأسئلة قبل ما تسمع الحوار كامل.

Two friends, Emma and Tom, talk about a viral cooking video they both saw online.

E
Emma Did you see that cooking video I sent you last night?
T
Tom Yes! It was incredible. How many views has it got?
E
Emma Over ten million already. The chef was live streaming from his kitchen.
T
Tom Was the video uploaded yesterday?
E
Emma No, it was posted three days ago, but it went viral overnight.
T
Tom Who created the original recipe? It looks so simple.
E
Emma The chef says the dish was invented by his grandmother. The recipe has been copied by thousands of people.
T
Tom I can believe it. I'm definitely going to try it this weekend.

Required

What is the conversation mainly about?

A viral cooking video
A new app for recipes
A family recipe book
A TV cooking show

Required

How many views has the video already received?

Over one million
Over five million
Over ten million
Over a hundred million

Required

Listen again. Complete the sentence. The video was posted _____ ago.

Pronunciation

6 cards

Many of the words you saw in the vocabulary section — posted, shared, liked, commented, followed, uploaded, downloaded — end in -ed. In English, the letters -ed are pronounced in three different ways. Choosing the correct pronunciation is important because two words that differ only in this ending can change the meaning of a sentence.

The three sounds are /t/, /d/ and /ɪd/ (the short "i" sound, as in bit).

1. /t/ — pronounced after voiceless consonants: p, k, f, s, sh, ch. The mouth makes a small puff of air, but the vocal cords do not vibrate. Hold your hand in front of your mouth: you should feel a strong burst of air. Examples: posted (after /p/), liked (after /k/), stopped (after /p/), missed (after /s/).

2. /d/ — pronounced after voiced sounds: b, g, v, z, l, m, n, r and all vowels. The mouth shape is the same as for /t/, but the vocal cords vibrate. You will not feel a puff of air. Examples: shared (after /ʃ/, which is voiced), followed (after /d/), uploaded (after /d/), downloaded (after /d/), commented (after /t/, which is voiced in this position because the /t/ sound is between two vowels). Liked and shared are a useful pair: liked ends in /t/; shared ends in /d/.

3. /ɪd/ — pronounced as a separate syllable after words that already end in /t/ or /d/. The word gains one extra syllable: post has one syllable, post-ed has two; upload has two syllables, upload-ed has three. Examples: posted (after /t/), downloaded (after /d/), edited (after /t/), needed (after /d/).

To make these sounds correctly, focus on two things: voicing (do your vocal cords vibrate or not?) and aspiration (do you feel a puff of air or not?). With practice, you will hear the difference automatically and your spoken English will sound much more natural.

نطق ending الـ -ed في الإنجليزي

في الإنجليزي، معظم الأفعال في زمن Past Simple (الماضي البسيط) بتخلص بحروف -ed، بس المشكلة إن الحروف دي مش دايماً بتتنطق بنفس الصوت. في الحقيقة، في تلات أصوات مختلفة ممكن تسمعهم، واختيار النطق الصح مهم جداً عشان معنى الجملة ممكن يتغير.

١. صوت /t/

بيتسمع لما الـ -ed تيجي بعد حرف voiceless (يعني الحرف اللي قبلها مفيش منه اهتزاز في الحبال الصوتية). الحروف دي بتشمل p, k, f, s, sh, ch.

إزاي بتعمل الصوت ده؟ بتحط إيدك قدام بقك، هتحس بـ puff of air (نَفَس قوي طالع). الحبال الصوتية مش بتتحرك خالص.

أمثلة من الدرس:

liked — الحرف قبل الـ -ed هو k (voiceless)، فبتتنطق /t/ → "laik-t"
stopped — الحرف قبلها p
missed — الحرف قبلها s

٢. صوت /d/

بيتسمع لما الـ -ed تيجي بعد حرف voiced (يعني الحرف اللي قبلها فيه اهتزاز في الحبال الصوتية). الحروف دي بتشمل b, g, v, z, l, m, n, r وكل الـ vowels (الحروف المتحركة).

إزاي بتعمل الصوت ده؟ نفس حركة اللسان بتاعة الـ /t/ بالظبط، بس المرة دي الحبال الصوتية بتهتز (vibrate). مفيش نَفَس قوي.

أمثلة من الدرس:

shared — الحرف قبلها sh (/ʃ/) وهو voiced، فبتتنطق /d/ → "shaird"
followed — بعد d
uploaded — بعد d
commented — الـ /t/ هنا بقت voiced لأنها بين vowel و vowel، فبتتنطق /d/

٣. صوت /ɪd/

ده بييجي سيلابل (syllable) زيادة — يعني الكلمة بتكبر. بيسمع بس لما الكلمة أصلاً بتخلص بـ /t/ أو /d/.

أمثلة من الدرس:

posted — الأصلية post بـ syllable واحد، بقت post-ed بـ syllable اتنين
downloaded — بعد d
edited — بعد t

إزاي تفرّق بين الأصوات؟

الحاجة الأساسية هي حاجتين بس: voicing (هل الحبال الصوتية بتتحرك؟) و aspiration (هل فيه نَفَس قوي طالع ولا لأ؟).

تمرين مهم: قارن بين liked (بتنتهي بـ /t/) و shared (بتنتهي بـ /d/) — دول pair حلو جداً لأنهم شكلهم زي بعض بس نطقهم مختلف. في الـ exercises الجاية، ركّز على walked, liked, shared, posted وجرّب تنطقهم صح.

Quick rule:

After voiceless sounds (p, k, f, s, sh, ch): /t/ — liked, posted, stopped
After voiced sounds (b, g, v, l, m, n, r, vowels): /d/ — shared, followed, played
After /t/ or /d/: add a new syllable /ɪd/ — post-ed, upload-ed, need-ed

Touch your throat when you say /d/ — you should feel it vibrate. When you say /t/, you should feel nothing.

Required

Listen carefully. Which word did you hear?

walked
walk

Required

Say the word. The -ed ends in /t/ after the /k/ sound. No vibration in the throat.

liked

Required

Say the word. The -ed ends in /d/. You should feel your throat vibrate on the final sound.

shared

Required

Say the word. Because it ends in /t/ before -ed, an extra syllable is added: /pəʊ·stɪd/.

posted

Reading

6 cards

In this section you will read a short article about how short videos have become the most popular form of online content. Before you read, look at the strategy box and the key vocabulary below.

Reading strategy: Skimming for gist When you skim a text, you read it quickly to get the general idea. You do not stop for every new word. Instead, you read the first and last sentences of each paragraph, look at headings, and pay attention to repeated words. Skimming is useful when you want to know whether a text is worth reading in detail. You will practise skimming first, then read the article more carefully for detail.

Key vocabulary

Word	Arabic	Meaning
trend	اتجاه / موضة	a general direction in which something is changing
viral	فيروسي / ينتشر بسرعة	shared very quickly by many people online
algorithm	خوارزمية	a set of rules used by a computer to decide what you see
content creator	صانع محتوى	a person who makes videos, posts or other material online
format	صيغة / شكل	the type or style of a piece of content

Now skim the article below in about 30 seconds. What do you think it will say? Then read it again more slowly and answer the questions.

أهلاً بيك في درس القراءة النهارده! الموضوع بيتكلم عن حاجة بنشوفها كل يوم على موبايلاتنا - الفيديوهات القصيرة اللي بقت أشهر نوع محتوى على الإنترنت. بس قبل ما تقرأ الـ article، لازم نتعلم استراتيجية مهمة اسمها skimming أو القراءة السريعة للفكرة العامة.

إيه هو الـ Skimming؟ الـ skimming يعني إنك تقرأ النص بسرعة عشان تاخد منه الفكرة العامة بس، من غير ما توقف عند كل كلمة مش عارفها. مش مطلوب منك تفهم كل تفصيلة - كل اللي عايزه دلوقتي هو الـ gist أو الإحساس العام بالمقال. تعمل ده إزاي؟ اقرأ أول جملة وآخر جملة في كل فقرة، بص على العناوين الكبيرة، وركّز على الكلمات اللي بتتكرر. الـ skimming مفيد جداً لأنه بيوفر وقتك وبيخليك تعرف لو النص ده يستاهل تقرأه بالتفصيل ولا لأ.

الكلمات الأساسية في الدرس:

trend (اتجاه أو موضة): لما بنقول إن فيه حاجة بقت trend، يعني ناس كتير بدأت تعملها. مثلاً، الـ short video trend يعني موضة الفيديوهات القصيرة.
viral (فيروسي/بينتشر بسرعة): لما فيديو أو بوست بياخد ملايين المشاهدات في وقت قصير، بنقول إنه صار viral.
algorithm (خوارزمية): دي القواعد اللي الكمبيوتر بيستخدمها عشان يقرر إيه اللي يظهرلك. الـ algorithm بتاع تيك توك مثلاً بيختارلك فيديوهات بناءً على اللي بتشوفه وتعمله لايك.
content creator (صانع محتوى): ده الشخص اللي بيصنع فيديوهات أو بوستات أو أي محتوى تاني على الإنترنت.
format (صيغة/شكل): يعني نوع أو ستايل المحتوى. الفيديو القصير، الـ blog post، والـ podcast كلهم formats مختلفة.

دلوقتي نزل للـ article اللي تحت، اقرأه في حوالي 30 ثانية بسرعة عشان تمسك الفكرة العامة. بعدين ارجعله تاني واقرأه بهدوء أعمق عشان تقدر تجاوب على الأسئلة اللي بعدها.

The rise of short videos

A new study has found that short videos are now the most popular form of online content. Researchers interviewed 5,000 internet users in twelve countries. They found that the average person spends over two hours a day watching clips that are less than sixty seconds long. Most videos are shared through messaging apps, not traditional social media. Experts believe this trend was started by teenagers, but it has now been adopted by all age groups. Many companies have already changed their marketing strategies to fit the new format.

Required

What is the article mainly about?

Why short videos are now the most popular type of online content
How to make a short video
Why teenagers use social media more than adults
How companies design new apps

Required

The study interviewed 5,000 internet users in twelve countries.

Required

The article says that short videos are usually longer than sixty seconds.

Required

Who started the short-video trend, according to the experts?

Teenagers
Companies
News organisations
Professional filmmakers

Speaking

7 cards

In the final section of this lesson, you will practise speaking about online content using the present and past passive. The passive is the natural way to talk about technology, apps, videos and social media in English, because the actions (uploading, sharing, posting, liking) are usually more important than the people who do them.

Below are useful phrases organised by function. Read them aloud, then use them in the model conversation that follows.

Describing a video or post

It was posted three days ago. → Arabic: نُشر قبل ثلاثة أيام
It's been shared thousands of times. → Arabic: تمت مشاركته آلاف المرات
The video was made by a young filmmaker. → Arabic: صُنع الفيديو على يد مخرج شاب

Describing an app or platform

The app was launched in 2022. → Arabic: أُطلق التطبيق في عام 2022
It was designed for teenagers. → Arabic: صُمم للمراهقين
Millions of people are reached by it every day. → Arabic: يصل إلى ملايين الأشخاص كل يوم

Giving your opinion

I think it should be shared more widely. → Arabic: أعتقد أنه يجب مشاركته على نطاق أوسع
The comments have been removed by a moderator. → Arabic: حُذفت التعليقات على يد مشرف
It's one of the most-watched videos this year. → Arabic: إنه أحد أكثر المقاطع مشاهدة هذا العام

Pay attention to the rhythm: in the passive, the stress is usually on the past participle, not on the auxiliary verb. "The video WAS posted" — not "WAS the video posted". This natural stress pattern will make your spoken English sound much smoother.

Now listen to the model conversation, repeat the key sentences, then try the roleplay.

إزاي نتكلم عن المحتوى الإلكتروني بالـ Passive Voice

في الجزء ده من الدرس، إحنا بنتعلم إزاي نتكلم عن الفيديوهات والبوستات والتطبيقات باستخدام المبني للمجهول (Passive Voice). الموضوع ده مهم جدًا، لأن في الإنجليزي لما بنتكلم عن حاجة على الإنترنت، الفعل نفسه (إنها اتنشرت، اتشارك، اتعملت) بيكون أهم بكتير من الشخص اللي عمل الفعل.

ليه الـ Passive هو الطبيعي هنا؟

لأن السؤال اللي بيشغلنا عادةً هو "إيه اللي حصل للمحتوى" مش "مين عمل كذا". مثلاً لما حد يقولك:

It was posted three days ago = نُشر قبل ٣ أيام
It's been shared thousands of times = اتشارك آلاف المرات
It was made by a young filmmaker = اتعمل على يد مخرج شاب

شايف إزاي الجملة كلها بتلف حوالين الفيديو نفسه؟

الأزمنة اللي هنستخدمها

١. Past Simple Passive (لأحداث في وقت محدد في الماضي):

The app was launched in 2022 (أُطلق التطبيق في ٢٠٢٢)
It was designed for teenagers (صُمم للمراهقين)
The video was made by a young filmmaker

القاعدة: was/were + past participle

٢. Present Perfect Passive (لأحداث ليها علاقة باللحظة الحالية):

It's been shared thousands of times
The comments have been removed by a moderator (حُذفت التعليقات على يد مشرف)

القاعدة: has/have been + past participle

الإيقاع والنبرة

في الـ Passive، الـ stress (النبرة) بتبقى على الـ past participle، مش على الـ auxiliary. يعني بنقول "The video WAS posted"، مش "WAS the video posted". ده الفرق بين كلام سلس وكلام تقيل على اللسان.

نموذج المحادثة

لما تتكلم مع صاحبك عن حاجة شفتها أونلاين:

Emma: Have you seen that new short film about life in Tokyo?
Tom: Not yet. Has it been shared a lot?
Emma: Yes, it's been shared thousands of times. It's really well made.
Tom: That sounds interesting. I'll watch it tonight.

لاحظ إزاي Tom قال "I'll watch it" مش "I'll watch Emma's video"، عشان التركيز كله على المحتوى. استخدم العبارات دي في الكلام بتاعك وهتحس إن الإنجليزي بتاعك بقى طبيعي أكتر.

Two friends, Emma and Tom, are talking about a short film they have both seen online.

E
Emma Have you seen that new short film about life in Tokyo?
T
Tom Not yet. Has it been shared a lot?
E
Emma Yes, it's been shared thousands of times. It's really well made.
T
Tom Who made it?
E
Emma It was made by a young filmmaker. Her work is followed by millions of people.
T
Tom That sounds interesting. I'll watch it tonight.

It was made by a young filmmaker.

Key model phrase. Notice the stress on MADE.

Required

Say the sentence clearly. Stress the past participle: postED.

The video was posted three days ago.

Required

Say the sentence clearly. Use the present perfect passive: has been + past participle.

It's been shared thousands of times.

Required

You are talking to your friend Tom. He has just asked about a new video. Describe the video — when it was posted, who it was made by, and how many times it has been shared. Try to use three or more passive sentences.

Required

I CAN use the present passive (is / are + past participle)
I CAN use the past passive (was / were + past participle)
I CAN read about social media trends and find the main idea

Vocabulary

6 cards

The words we use to talk about the internet have become part of everyday life. Every day, billions of people post, share, comment, like, follow, upload, download and stream digital content. If you want to talk about modern life in English — about your favourite apps, your social media habits, the news you read or the videos you watch — you need these eight verbs and nouns.

post is both a verb and a noun. As a verb, it means to publish something online: a message, a photo, a video or a short piece of writing. As a noun, it refers to the content itself. When somebody says, "I saw your post this morning," they are talking about one piece of content you have published. Most social media platforms have a post button at the bottom of the screen, and on some apps the verb is used on its own: "Did you post today?"

share means to send the same piece of content to other people, either inside the app or through a messaging service. When you share something, you are saying, "I think this is interesting — you should see it too." Sharing is one of the main ways information travels online, and it is also one of the reasons rumours spread so fast.

A comment is a written opinion, question or reaction that somebody leaves under a piece of content. You can also use the verb form: to comment on something means to write your reaction. Many creators, companies and news organisations read every comment carefully because the comments tell them what their audience thinks.

A like is a small digital sign — usually a heart, a thumbs-up or a similar icon — that shows you enjoy something. You can like a post, a photo, a video, a comment or even a private message. The total number of likes often shows how popular a piece of content is, although many people now think likes are less important than they used to be.

To follow somebody means to subscribe to their account, so their future posts appear automatically in your personal feed. You can follow friends, family members, celebrities, news outlets, brands and even fictional characters. Following is different from being friends online; it is usually one-directional and does not need to be approved.

To upload a file means to send it from your device to a server on the internet. When you upload a video, it becomes available for other people to see. The opposite action is to download — to copy a file from the internet onto your own device so that you can keep it, watch it offline or open it later. Many apps let you do both with a single button.

To stream means to watch or listen to something directly over the internet, without saving the file first. People stream films, music, sports matches, video games and live events. Live streaming is when the content is shown in real time, while the audience watches from anywhere in the world.

Look at the table, then complete the exercises that follow.

Word	Part of speech	Arabic	Example sentence
post	noun / verb	منشور / ينشر	She wrote a long post about her weekend.
share	verb	يشارك	Please share this article with your team.
comment	noun / verb	تعليق / يعلّق	His comment got more likes than the original photo.
like	noun / verb	إعجاب / يُعجِب	The video received over a million likes in one day.
follow	verb	يتابع	I follow several travel bloggers online.
upload	verb	يرفع (ملفاً)	She uploaded a new video to her channel last night.
download	verb	يحمّل (ملفاً)	You can download the app for free.
stream	verb	يبثّ مباشرة	Millions of people stream the concert live.

كلمات التواصل على الإنترنت

الكلمات اللي قدامك دي هي أعمدة حياتنا على السوشال ميديا والإنترنت كله. الثمانية أفعال دول — post, share, comment, like, follow, upload, download, و stream — بيوصفوا تقريبًا كل حاجة بتعملها على موبايلك أو على اللابتوب.

نقط نحوية مهمة على مستوى B2

كلمة post لذيذة جدًا لأنها فعل واسم في نفس الوقت. لما أقول I posted a photo yesterday، دي فعل في الماضي البسيط. لكن I read your post this morning — هنا بقت اسم وبتعني المنشور نفسه. في المضارع، الفعل بياخد -s مع he/she/it: She posts every morning.

share وcomment الاتنين بيشتغلوا بنفس الطريقة — فعل واسم. والموديل سينتنس بتاع الدرس بيقول: I posted a short video yesterday, and it was shared thousands of times within an hour. لاحظ استخدام was shared (المبني للمجهول) — وده أسلوب بي-2 مهم، بنستخدمه لما الفاعل يبقى مش مهم، أو لما عايزين نركز على الفعل نفسه مش على مين عمل الحاجة.

الفرق الحساس بين upload و download و stream

الثلاثة بيظهروا متشابهين بس ليهم معاني مختلفة تمامًا:

upload = تبعت الملف من جهازك إلى السيرفر (ترفعه)
download = تجيب الملف من النت إلى جهازك (تنزّله)
stream = تتفرج أو تسمع مباشرة من غير ما الملف يتحفظ

ده فرق مهم في الامتحانات وفي الحياة العملية. لو حد سألك Do you want to download it or just stream it?، الإجابة بتغير كل حاجة: التحميل بياخد مساحة على الجهاز، أما الستريم بيحتاج نت بس.

follow و like

follow = تعمل سبسكرايب لحساب حد، فبوستاته الجديدة تظهر في الفيد بتاعك أوتوماتيك، وممكن يبقى one-directional من غير ما حد يوافق. like = تضغط على أيقونة الإعجاب (قلب أو إبهام) عشان تبيّن إن الحاجة عجبتك. الاتنين من أكتر الأفعال استخدامًا في الإنجليزي الحديث، وهتلاقيهم في كل منصة تقريبًا.

Read the words and their meanings. Listen to each one and repeat it aloud.

comment ˈkɒment
A remark, observation, or statement expressing an opinion or giving information about something.
download ˈdaʊn.ləʊd
To copy data, files, or software from the internet or another computer to your own computer or device.
follow ˈfɒləʊ
To go or come after someone or something; to move behind someone or something in the same direction.
like laɪk
To find someone or something pleasant or enjoyable; to have a positive feeling toward someone or something.
post pəʊst
letters , etc. that are delivered to homes or places of work : the public system that exists for the collectin
share ʃeə
To divide something among a group of people so that each person has a portion, or to give part of what you hav
stream striːm
A small river or a continuous flow of water moving in a particular direction.
upload ˈʌp.ləʊd
To transfer data or files from your computer or phone to the internet or a larger computer system.