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12B Grammar

Talk about online behaviour

Unit 12

I CAN use relative clauses with whose, where, and when
I CAN discuss online behaviour

Grammar

10 cards

In English, we use relative clauses to add information about a noun without starting a new sentence. The relative words whose, where and when are particularly useful when we talk about people, places and moments in our lives — and in this lesson, online behaviour. Once you master these three, your spoken and written English will sound much more natural and connected.

Whose — possession

We use whose to talk about possession. It works like "his", "her", "their" or "its", but it comes before the noun it describes, and it does not change form.

I have a friend whose phone was stolen last year.
The blogger whose videos go viral earns a good income.
Anyone whose account was hacked should change the password immediately.

Notice that whose is the same form for singular and plural, and for he, she and they. You cannot say "whos" or "whose's".

Where — place

We use where to add information about a place — a real place, or a virtual one like a website or an app. It can replace longer phrases such as "in which", "at which" or "on which".

The website where I read this article is very reliable.
Do you know a café where the Wi-Fi is fast?
The platform where we met is shutting down next month.

When — time

We use when to add information about a time — a day, a year, a moment. It can replace "at which" or "on which".

I remember the day when I first joined social media.
There are moments when you should log off completely.
Last summer, when everyone was on holiday, I stayed offline.

A quick comparison

Relative word	Used for	Example
whose	possession (a person or animal)	The student whose laptop broke borrowed mine.
where	place (real or virtual)	The app where I post photos is very popular.
when	time	The year when I started my blog was 2019.

In formal writing, you can also write "in which", "at which", "on which" — but in everyday English, whose, where and when are more natural, especially in speech. When the meaning is clear, native speakers sometimes omit the relative word entirely ("The day I met you was special"). In B1 writing, however, it is safer to keep the relative word in so your meaning is always clear.

Watch out! Do not confuse whose with who's. Whose shows possession ("Whose phone is this?"). Who's is a short form of "who is" ("Who's coming to the party?").

Generating translation…

The friend whose phone was stolen last week is feeling very stressed.

Read and listen. Notice the word 'whose' — it shows possession.

I love the website where people share their honest opinions.

Read and listen. Notice the word 'where' — it refers to a place.

Required

Look at the two sentences above. The word 'whose' is used to show:

possession
a place
a time

Required

The student _____ bag was stolen reported it to the police.

Required

I miss the café _____ we used to study together every weekend.

Required

Do you remember the day _____ we first met online?

Required

Choose the correct word: _____ laptop broke? I can lend you mine.

Whose
Where
When

Required

Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence.

hacked
The
was
whose
friend
me
account
yesterday.

Required

Drag the correct relative word (whose, where, or when) into each sentence.

where
when
whose
whose

The blogger videos go viral is famous now.

I deleted the app I met my old friends.

Last summer, everyone was on holiday, I stayed offline.

The student laptop broke borrowed my spare one.

Listening

5 cards

In this conversation, two friends — Emma and Tom — are having coffee and talking about a new social app that everyone is downloading. They compare their habits, mention a viral photo from the past, and discuss how to stay safe online. The conversation uses a lot of useful everyday English, and you will also hear several relative clauses with whose, where and when in natural speech.

Before you listen, think about this: What do you usually check before you post something online? This will help you connect the dialogue to your own life and prepare you for the questions afterwards.

As you listen, try to:

follow the main topic of their conversation (is it a game, an app, a holiday, a job?);
notice the specific actions they say they take online (for example: posting, blocking, sharing, liking);
catch a few details about the people, places and times they mention (whose photo? which platform? what year?).

You will answer three questions after the conversation: one about the main idea, one about a specific action, and one fill-in-the-blank about a detail. Don't worry if you miss a word — listen for the main ideas first, then for the small details. In real life, you rarely hear everything on the first try.

في الدرس ده بنسمع محادثة بين اتنين أصحاب، Emma و Tom، قاعدين على قهوة وبيكلموا عن تطبيق جديد نزل للناس كلها. المحادثة بسيطة بس فيها قواعد وكلمات هتساعدك تتكلم إنجليزي أحسن في حياتك اليومية على الإنترنت.

الكلمات الأساسية اللي لازم تحفظها:

privacy settings = إعدادات الخصوصية (اللي بتتحكم في مين يقدر يشوف بوستاتك).
data = بيانات، يعني المعلومات اللي التطبيق بيجمعها عنك.
to post = ينشر حاجة أونلاين (صورة، بوست، أو رقم تليفون).
to block = يعمل بلوك أو حظر لشخص، يعني يقطع التواصل معاه.
viral = حاجة انتشرت بسرعة رهيبة أونلاين، زي ما يقولوا "عملت تريند".
strange messages = رسائل غريبة، من ناس أنت مش عارفهم.

القاعدة الأهم: الجمل الموصولة Relative Clauses

المحادثة مليانة جمل موصولة مهمة جداً، وكل واحدة ليها استخدام:

whose (بتاع مين؟) — بتُستخدم للملكية:
"Whose data are they collecting?" = بيانات مين بياخدوها؟
"The person whose photo it was..." = الشخص اللي الصورة دي بتاعته.
where (في المكان / التطبيق اللي) — للأماكن الحقيقية أو الافتراضية زي التطبيقات:
"The one where you can share short videos." = التطبيق اللي تقدر فيه تنشر فيديوهات قصيرة.
"The company where I work." = الشركة اللي أنا شغال فيها.
when (في اليوم / الوقت اللي) — للأوقات:
"The day when that photo went viral." = اليوم اللي الصورة دي انتشرت فيه.

جُمَل مفيدة من المحادثة تقدر تستخدمها أنت كمان:

"I'm a bit worried about..." = أنا شوية قلقان من... (طريقة مهذبة تقول إنك مش مرتاح).
"Smart move!" = حركة ذكية! (تمدح حد على قراره).
"Same here." = وأنا كمان، أو أنا بعدي (بمعنى إنك بتعمل نفس الحاجة).

نصيحة للاستماع: متستناش تفهم كل كلمة من أول مرة. ركز الأول على الفكرة العامة، هل هما مبسوطين بالتطبيق ولا خايفين منه؟ وبعدين رجع اسمع التفاصيل، إيه اللي بيشاركوه وإيه اللي لأ.

Emma and Tom are having coffee and talking about a new social app.

E
Emma Hey Tom, have you seen this new app everyone's talking about?
T
Tom You mean the one where you can share short videos? I downloaded it yesterday.
E
Emma Really? I'm a bit worried about the privacy settings. Whose data are they collecting?
T
Tom That's a good question. The company where I work uses a similar app, and the security is quite strong.
E
Emma I'm still careful. I never post my address or my phone number.
T
Tom Smart move. I block anyone who sends me strange messages.
E
Emma Same here. Do you remember the day when that photo went viral? It caused so many problems.
T
Tom Yes! The person whose photo it was had to delete all their accounts.
E
Emma I think the best time to think about online safety is before you post anything.
T
Tom Absolutely. Be kind, be careful, and think twice.

Required

What is the main topic of Emma and Tom's conversation?

A new video game
A new social app and online safety
A holiday plan

Required

What does Tom say he does with people who send him strange messages?

He reads them carefully
He blocks them
He shares them with friends

Required

The person _____ photo it was had to delete all their accounts.

Pronunciation

6 cards

In this lesson, three key relative words — whose, where and when — all start with the consonant sound /w/. This sound is very common in English, but it can be tricky, especially when it sits at the beginning of a word or in a consonant cluster. The /w/ sound is also very short — it is a quick "slide" into the next vowel, almost like a small jump.

How to make /w/

The /w/ sound is a voiced consonant, which means your vocal cords vibrate as you say it. To make it correctly:

Round your lips into a small "O" shape, as if you are about to whistle or say "oo" in "moon".
Lift the back of your tongue so it nearly touches the soft part of the roof of your mouth — the area near where you say /k/ and /g/.
Breathe out gently through the rounded lips while the tongue stays in position.
Release the tongue and open the lips a little as you move into the next vowel.

The whole movement is very fast — about a quarter of a second in connected speech. If you hold the /w/ too long, the word will sound strange, almost as if you are singing.

Do not confuse /w/ with /v/

The /w/ sound is often confused with /v/ by learners, because both are voiced and use the lips. But:

/w/ is made with rounded lips and the back of the tongue. Your teeth do not touch anything.
/v/ is made with the upper teeth resting on the lower lip. The air flows through a small gap.

/w/ word	/v/ word
wet	vet
west	vest
wine	vine
while	vile

Words with /w/ in this lesson

whose
where
when
what
west (in a minimal pair)

Listen carefully to the difference between "wet" and "vet", and between "west" and "vest" — they rhyme, but the first sound is different.

صوت الـ /w/ في الإنجليزي: إزاي تعمله صح؟

في اللسة دي هنتعلم صوت مهم جداً في الإنجليزي، وهو صوت الـ /w/ اللي بييجي في أول كلمات كتير زي when وwhere وwhose وwhat. الصوت ده بيلخبط ناس كتير، خصوصاً لما يكون في أول الكلام أو جوه مجموعة حروف مع بعض. خلينا نشوف مع بعض إزاي بنعمله خطوة خطوة.

إزاي بتعمل صوت الـ /w/؟

صوت الـ /w/ هو صوت voiced، يعني الـ vocal cords بتاعتك بتتهتز وإنت بتقوله. عشان تعمله صح، محتاج تعمل الحركات دي:

شكّل شفايفك على شكل O صغيرة، زي ما هتعمل لو هتصفر أو هتقول oo في كلمة moon.
ارفع ورا لسانك لحد ما يقرّب من سقف بقك من الناحية الناعمة، وهي المنطقة اللي بتقول فيها /k/ و/g/.
طلق شوية هوا من الشفايف المدوّرة واللسان في مكانه.
نزّل لسانك وافتح شفايفك شوية وإنت بتنتقل للصوت اللي بعده (الـ vowel).

الحركة دي كلها سريعة جداً، يعني تقريباً ربع ثانية بس. لو وقّفت على صوت الـ /w/ طويل، الكلام هيطلع غريب، كأنك بتغني.

ماتخلطش بين الـ /w/ والـ /v/!

دي أكتر غلطة بتتعمل، لأن الاتنين voiced وبتتستخدم فيهم الشفايف. بس الفرق كبير:

الـ /w/: شفايف مدوّرة وورا اللسان مرفوع. أسنانك مفيش حاجة بتمس حاجة.
الـ /v/: الأسنان الفوق بتاعتك بتحط على الشفة التحتانية، والهوا بيعدي من فتحة صغيرة.

عشان تفرّق، ركّز في الـ minimal pairs دي:

wet ≠ vet
west ≠ vest
wine ≠ vine
while ≠ vile

كلمات الدرس اللي فيها الـ /w/:

whose، where، when، what، وكمان west في الـ minimal pair. في التمرين اللي جاي، هتسمع الفرق بين wet وvet وبين west وvest — الاتنين rhyme بس أول صوت مختلف. ركّز أوي وهتلاقي نفسك بتقولهم صح بسرعة.

To make the /w/ sound: (1) round your lips into a small 'O' shape; (2) lift the back of your tongue; (3) breathe out gently; (4) release the tongue and open the lips as you move into the next vowel. Keep the /w/ short — it is a quick glide, not a long hum.

Required

Which word did you hear?

west
vest

Required

Read the word aloud. Round your lips first, then say the short vowel /e/.

when

Required

Read the word aloud. Keep the /w/ short before the vowel /eə/.

where

Required

Read the word aloud. Make the /w/ clear, then say the long vowel /uː/ and finish with /z/.

whose

Speaking

7 cards

In this section, you will learn some useful phrases to talk about online safety and behaviour. These phrases will help you in a real conversation about digital life, whether you are chatting with a friend, advising a younger sibling, or speaking with an online safety advisor.

Useful phrases

English phrase	Use it to...
"I never share personal information online."	describe your own habits
"I'm careful about my privacy settings."	explain what you do to stay safe
"You should block anyone who makes you uncomfortable."	give advice
"Do you remember when that story went viral?"	talk about a past event
"The platform where I spend most time is..."	describe a place (online)
"I have a friend whose account was hacked."	talk about someone's experience

You will notice that many of these phrases already use the relative clauses from the grammar section — whose, where and when. Try to use at least two of them in your own conversation.

How the speaking task works

First, you will listen to a short model conversation between two speakers, so you can hear the phrases in context. Then you will practise the key sentences by reading them aloud. Finally, you will have a live conversation with an AI online safety advisor. Don't worry about being perfect — focus on using the phrases naturally and on connecting your ideas with relative clauses.

اتكلّم عن أمانك على الإنترنت بالإنجليزي

في الـ speaking section دي، هتتدرّب تحكي بالإنجليزي عن عاداتك على الـ internet وإزاي بتحمي نفسك online. الموقف اللي هتدخل فيه بسيط: أنت بتكلّم حد - صاحبك أو الـ AI advisor - عن الـ online behaviour بتاعك والحاجات اللي بتعملها عشان تبقى safe.

الجُمل الأساسية اللي هتستخدمها في الحوار

الحوار بيبدأ بسؤال طبيعي زي: "How do you protect your privacy online?" - ده سؤال بتفتح بيه أي محادثة عن الـ online safety. والرد النموذجي ممكن يكون: "I never share my address. I only follow people I know in real life." لاحظ إن جملة "I never share my address" بسيطة ومباشرة، لكن اللي بعدها فيها relative clause من غير who.

لما تكمّل الحوار، تقدر تستخدم ردود تشجيعية زي "That's smart" أو "Good idea" عشان تدّي الـ conversation طاقة إيجابية، وتكمّل بسؤال جديد زي "What about photos?" أو "Do you ever block people?" عشان تاخد الـ topic لجزء تاني.

الـ Grammar: الـ Relative Clauses

الجزء المهم هنا هو استخدام الـ relative clauses عشان كلامك يبقى natural ومرتبط:

who (للناس): "I block anyone who sends me messages I don't like" - أي حد بيبعتلي messages مش حلوة.
whose (للملكية): "I never post pictures whose location I can see" - الصور اللي الـ location بتاعها باين.
where (للأماكن): "The platform where I spend most time is..." - المنصة اللي بقضي فيها أكتر وقت.
when (للأوقات): "Do you remember when that story went viral?" - فاكر لما القصة دي اتنشرت بسرعة؟

فيه كمان صيغة اسمها reduced relative clause بنحذف منها who: "people I know" بدل "people whom I know" - وده شائع في الكلام اليومي.

نصايح عملية للمحادثة

استخدم "I never..." لما تحكي عن عاداتك السلبية، يعني الحاجات اللي مش بتعملها زي "I never share my personal information online".
استخدم "You should..." لما تنصح حد، زي "You should block anyone who makes you uncomfortable".
حاول تدخل على الأقل relative clause أو اتنين في الـ chat مع الـ AI عشان تستخدم الـ grammar في context حقيقي.

A short model conversation about online safety.

E
Emma How do you protect your privacy online?
T
Tom I never share my address. I only follow people I know in real life.
E
Emma That's smart. What about photos?
T
Tom I never post pictures whose location I can see.
E
Emma Good idea. Do you ever block people?
T
Tom Yes, I block anyone who sends me messages I don't like.

I never share my personal information online.

Read and listen. This is a useful sentence for describing your online habits.

Required

Read the sentence aloud. Speak clearly and at a natural speed.

I never share my personal information online.

Required

Read the sentence aloud. This sentence gives advice and uses a relative clause with 'who'.

You should block anyone who makes you uncomfortable.

Required

You are talking to an online safety advisor. Describe your online habits, mention one thing you do to stay safe, and ask for advice about a concern you have. Try to use at least two relative clauses (whose, where or when) in your answers.

Required

I CAN use relative clauses with whose, where, and when.
I CAN discuss online behaviour.

Vocabulary

6 cards

When we discuss what people do on the internet — posting photos, commenting on videos, sharing news — we need a specific set of words. These words describe common online actions and the platforms where they happen. Without them, it is very hard to talk about modern life, because so much of our daily communication now happens through a screen.

Here are eight useful words for this lesson.

Word	Part of speech	Meaning	Example
post	verb	to publish content on a social platform	I never post photos of my children online.
share	verb	to send content to others so they can see it	Please don't share that video without asking me.
like	verb / noun	to click a button to show you enjoy something	She likes every photo her friends upload.
comment	noun / verb	a written reply to a post	I left a kind comment on his blog this morning.
follow	verb	to subscribe to someone's updates	I follow two news channels on the app.
block	verb	to stop someone from contacting you online	You should block that account immediately.
profile	noun	a personal page on a social platform	My profile picture is five years old.
viral	adjective	spreading very quickly from person to person	That song went viral last summer.

These verbs form the backbone of almost every conversation about social media. The nouns post, comment, like and profile are countable: we say "a post", "two comments", "many likes". The adjective viral describes content, not people: a video can go viral, but a person cannot "be viral".

You will notice that many of these words are also common in everyday English outside the internet. Post can mean a letter or a job; share can mean to divide something; follow can mean to walk behind someone; comment can mean a short remark. In this lesson, however, we focus on their online meanings. Try to use at least four of these words when you describe your own internet habits later in the lesson.

A quick tip: in British English, we often say "a post on Instagram" or "a post on a forum" — we mention the platform with the preposition "on". We also say "to post something" (no preposition) or "to post something on a platform".

كلمات السوشيال ميديا اللي محتاج تعرفها

الموضوع في الجزء ده إنك تتعلم الكلمات اللي بنستخدمها كل يوم لما نتكلم عن اللي بيحصل على النت. الكلمات دي هي الأساس في أي محادثة عن البوستات والفيديوهات والأكاونتات.

أفعال وأسماء في نفس الوقت

كلمة post هي فعل واسم مع بعض. الفعل يعني "تنزّل محتوى على منصة"، والاسم يعني "البوست نفسه". لما بتنزل صورة، أنت posting، واللي نزلته اسمه a post. نفس الفكرة مع share — الفعل يعني "تبعتها لحد تاني"، والمحتوى اللي بعته هو a share (اسم).

الأسماء اللي بتتعد (countable nouns)

post → two posts
like → many likes
comment → a kind comment
profile → my profile picture

كل دول أسماء عادية بتتعد، يعني تقدر تقولها بالـ a/an أو بأرقام. لاحظ كمان إن like ممكن تبقى فعل: I like this video، أو اسم: She got a hundred likes.

viral — صفة للمحتوى مش للناس

كلمة viral معناها المحتوى اللي بيتنشر بسرعة خرافية من حد لحد. ودايما بنستخدمها مع الحاجات — فيديو، أغنية، ميم — مش مع الأشخاص. بنقول The video went viral، مش He went viral (دي غلطة شائعة).

follow و block — عكس بعض

follow = تتابع حد، يعني بتقول للتطبيق "ورّيني بوستاته الجديدة".
block = العكس تماما، بتقطع الاتصال بحد وتمنعه يبعتلك.

الاتنين مهمين جدا لما تتكلم عن الخصوصية والحماية على النت.

نصيحة سريعة للإنجليزي البريطاني

لما تقول إنك نزلت حاجة على منصة معينة، بنستخدم حرف الجر on دايما: I posted a photo on Instagram، She left a comment on his blog. مش in ومش at.

دلوقتي اسمع الكلمات في الكروت تحت وجرب تقولها بصوت عالي. ولما توصف عاداتك على النت، حاول تستخدم على الأقل ٤ كلمات من اللي اتعلمتهم النهاردة.

Meet the key words for talking about online behaviour.

block blɒk
A solid piece of wood, stone, or other hard material with flat sides.
comment ˈkɒment
A remark, observation, or statement expressing an opinion or giving information about something.
follow ˈfɒləʊ
To go or come after someone or something; to move behind someone or something in the same direction.
like laɪk
To find someone or something pleasant or enjoyable; to have a positive feeling toward someone or something.
post pəʊst
letters , etc. that are delivered to homes or places of work : the public system that exists for the collectin
profile ˈprəʊfaɪl
A side view of a face or head, or a short description of someone's life, character, and professional qualities
share ʃeə
To divide something among a group of people so that each person has a portion, or to give part of what you hav
viral ˈvaɪərəl
Relating to or caused by a virus; (informally) describing something that becomes widely popular very quickly t